July 2024 Global Climate Report (2024)

On August 12, 2024, coincident with the release of the July 2024 global climate report, NCEI will begin implementing a compressed global report release schedule. Enhancements to the NOAAGlobalTemp dataset implemented earlier this year provide stability in the global temperature anomaly value earlier in the following month than was seen with previous versions of this dataset. Please see NCEI's Monthly Release Schedule for updated release dates through the end of 2024.

Temperature

In January 2024, the NOAA Global Surface Temperature (NOAAGlobalTemp) dataset version 6.0.0 replaced version 5.1.0. This new version incorporates an artificial neural network (ANN) method to improve the spatial interpolation of monthly land surface air temperatures. The period of record (1850-present) and complete global coverage remain the same as in the previous version of NOAAGlobalTemp. While anomalies and ranks might differ slightly from what was reported previously, the main conclusions regarding global climate change are very similar to the previous version. Please see our Commonly Asked Questions Document and web story for additional information.

NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information calculates the global temperature anomaly every month based on preliminary data generated from authoritative datasets of temperature observations from around the globe. The major dataset, NOAAGlobalTemp version 6.0.0, updated in 2024, uses comprehensive data collections of increased global area coverage over both land and ocean surfaces. NOAAGlobalTempv6.0.0 is a reconstructed dataset, meaning that the entire period of record is recalculated each month with new data. Based on those new calculations, the new historical data can bring about updates to previously reported values. These factors, together, mean that calculations from the past may be superseded by the most recent data and can affect the numbers reported in the monthly climate reports. The most current reconstruction analysis is always considered the most representative and precise of the climate system, and it is publicly available through Climate at a Glance.

July 2024

July 2024 was the warmest July on record for the globe in NOAA's 175-year record. The July global surface temperature was 1.21°C (2.18°F) above the 20th-century average of 15.8°C (60.4°F). This is 0.03°C (0.05°F) warmer than the previous July record set last year, and the 14th consecutive month of record-high global temperatures. This breaks the longest record warm global temperature streak in the modern record (since 1980) previously set from May 2015—May 2016. July 2024 marked the 48th consecutive July with global temperatures, at least nominally, above the 20th-century average.

Climatologically, July is the warmest month of the year. As the warmest July on record, July 2024 was more likely than not the warmest month on record for the globe since 1850. The past ten Julys have been the warmest Julys on record.

The global land-only July temperature also was warmest on record at 1.70°C (3.06°F) above average. The ocean-only temperature was second-warmest at 0.98°C (1.76°F) above average, ending a streak of 15 consecutive monthly record highs that stretched from April 2023—June 2024. These temperatures occurred under ENSO-neutral conditions. According to NOAA's Climate Prediction Center, ENSO-neutral is expected to continue for the next several months, with La Niña favored to emerge during September-November (66% chance) and persist through the Northern Hemisphere winter 2024-25 (74% chance during November-January).

Record-warm July temperatures covered large parts of northern and southern Africa, southeastern Europe and large parts of Asia, as well as areas of the western U.S. and western Canada. In North America areas of anomalous warmth stretched from northwest Mexico through much of the western U.S., the northern Plains and states on the Eastern Seaboard, as well as much of Canada, where anomalies greater than 3.0°C (5.4°F) were widespread. Much-warmer-than-average to record July temperatures covered most all of Greenland, where temperatures were more than 4°C (7.2°F) above average in many places. During July 2024, 13.8% of the world's surface had a record-high July temperature, exceeding the previous July record set in 2023 by 5.4%. Close to one-fifth (19.2%) of the global land surface had a record-high July temperature. Meanwhile, 0.3% of the global land and ocean surface experienced a record-cold July temperature.

In South America temperatures were warmer than average from southern Brazil through northern parts of the continent and Central America. However, Argentina and neighboring countries had cooler than average July mean temperatures. Cold air outbreaks from Antarctica brought periods of extremely cold daily temperatures, resulting in wildlife deaths associated with the anomalous weather. Other areas with cooler-than-normal temperatures in July included large parts of central and eastern Australia, the Russian Far East, parts of southern Africa, much of Alaska and parts of the central U.S.

The cold outbreaks in southern South America were associated with a weak polar vortex over Antarctica that allowed cold air to move northward during the month. Over Antarctica, particularly central and eastern areas, the weak polar vortex led to extremely warm daily temperatures during the latter part of the month, as the northward surging cold air was replaced by widespread occurrences of daily temperatures more than 10°C (18°F) above average. For the month-as-a-whole, temperatures more than 4°C (7.2°F) above average covered large parts of the Antarctic continent, and for the Antarctic region as a whole, the month tied July 1991 as the fifth warmest July on record.

Other areas with anomalous warmth included a region that stretched from Southwest Asia through most of China and Mongolia into central Russia. In parts of the Persian Gulf region, heat indices reached extreme levels in July as mid-summer temperatures exceeding 40.5°C (105°F) and Gulf water temperatures above 32°C (90°F) brought a combination of high humidity and heat that produced feels-like temperatures of 60°C (140°F) and higher. The heat index in Dubai climbed as high as 62°C (143°F to 144°F), as water temperatures in the Gulf reached the mid-30s°C (mid-90s°F). Global hourly observations showed a heat index near 69°C (149°F) at the Persian Gulf International airport in Asaluyeh on July 17.

In eastern Europe monthly mean temperatures more than +2°C (+3.6°F) warmer-than-average were widespread and the July mean temperature was more than 1°C (1.8°F) above average in much of southern Europe. In Spain and other countries along the Mediterranean, July heat waves brought multi-day temperatures exceeding 38°C (100°F). This led to severe wildfire conditions in some areas and reports of hundreds of heat-related deaths. Temperatures were even hotter in Morocco, where daily high temperatures exceeded 41°C (106°F) in many locations. Researchers from World Weather Attribution found that the severity of the heatwave in this region would not have been possible in the absence of climate change.

Over the global oceans record-warm July temperatures covered large parts of the equatorial and northern Atlantic, although the expanse of record-breaking temperatures was less than in recent months. The Caribbean continued to be record warm in July. Across the global ocean, 11.3% of its surface had a record-high temperature for the month. Only 0.05% of the global ocean was record cold in July. Widespread areas of below-average July sea surface temperatures were largely confined to the southeastern Pacific and adjacent areas of the Southern Ocean. Areas of the far northern Pacific also were cooler than average for July.

In the Northern Hemisphere, July 2024 also was warmest on record at 1.51°C (2.72°F) above average. This is 0.01°C (0.02°F) warmer than July 2023. The Northern Hemisphere land temperature also ranked warmest on record for the month, while the Northern Hemisphere Ocean temperature was second warmest for July. The Southern Hemisphere also experienced its warmest July on record at 0.91°C (1.64°F) above average, 0.05°C (0.09°F) warmer than 2023. The Southern Hemisphere land temperature and ocean temperature for July were both individually second warmest on record.

A smoothed map of blended land and sea surface temperature anomalies is also available.

South America had its 13th warmest July while Africa and Europe had their warmest Julys on record, exceeding the previous record warm July by 0.05°C (0.09°F) and 0.20°C (0.36°F), respectively.

• In Germany, July 2024 was 0.5°C (0.9°F) above the 1991–2020 average, tying 1904 as the 20th warmest July since the national record began in 1881.
• In Austria, July 2024 was the second warmest July on record in the lowlands, 2.1°C (3.8°F) above the 1991–2020 average in the 258-year history of measurements. In the summit regions July 2024 was the fifth warmest such month in the 174-year mountain measurement series, 2.0°C (3.6°F) above the 1991–2020 average.
• In the United Kingdom, the month of July 2024 began unusually cold, provisionally the coldest start to July since 2004. But the end of the month was generally warmer than average, and the overall mean temperature for the month was 0.5°C (0.9°F) below the 1991–2020 average, based on provisional data.
• In Iceland, July 2024 was relatively warm in northern areas of the country; for example, in Akureyri, the average temperature was 1.5°C (2.7°F) above 1991–2020 average. In Reykjavík July was 0.7°C (1.3°F) below average.
• In Argentina, July 2024 began with a severe cold outbreak, with mean temperatures averaging more than 3°C (5.4°F) below average across large parts of the country over the first 10-days and parts of the second 10-days of the month. Record-breaking low temperatures were reported in northeastern parts of the country.

Asia had its warmest July, exceeding the previous record warm July of 2023 by 0.23°C (0.41°F), and Oceania had its 29th warmest July on record.

• The July 2024 national mean monthly temperature for Pakistan was 1.26°C (2.27°F) above average, making it the second warmest July in the 64-year national record.
• According to the Hong Kong Observatory, July 2024 had a monthly mean temperature which was 1.0°C (1.8°F) above normal and the fourth hottest July on record.
• The national average July temperature for New Zealand was 0.9°C (1.6°F) above the 1991–2020 average, making it New Zealand’s 8th-warmest July since NIWA’s seven station temperature series began in 1909.
• In Australia, the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) reported that the Australia mean temperature for July was 0.70°C (1.26°F) above the 1961–1990 average. For Western Australia, the area-averaged mean temperature was 1.09°C (1.96°F) above average, the 13th-warmest July on record.
  • It is important to note that while Australia's BOM found July 2024 to be warmer than the 1961–1990 average, NCEI's July global temperature departure map shows that most parts of Australia were cooler than the 1991–2020 average. Because warming global temperatures have resulted in a 1991–2020 average that is warmer than the 1961–1990 average in most parts of the world, temperatures today can be warmer than the 1961–1990 average and at the same time cooler than the 1991–2020 average.

North America had its second-warmest July at 1.74°C (3.13°F) above average.

• The average temperature of the contiguous U.S. in July 2024 was 75.7°F, 2.11°F above the 1901-2020 average, ranking 11th-warmest in the 130-year record.
• The Caribbean region had its warmest July on record, 1.51°C (2.72°F) above average, and the Main Development Region for Atlantic Hurricanes had its second-warmest July, 1.55°C (2.79°F) above the 1910-2000 average.

500 mb maps

In the atmosphere, 500-millibar height pressure anomalies correlate well with temperatures at the Earth's surface. The average position of the upper-level ridges of high pressure and troughs of low pressure—depicted by positive and negative 500-millibar height anomalies on the map—is generally reflected by areas of positive and negative temperature anomalies at the surface, respectively.

Year-to-date Temperature: January–July 2024

The January–July global surface temperature ranked warmest in the 175-year record at 1.28°C (2.30°F) above the 1901-2000 average of 13.8°C (56.8°F). According to NCEI's statistical analysis, there is a 77% chance that 2024 will rank as the warmest year on record and an almost 100% chance that it will rank in the top five.

For the January–July year-to-date period, record-warm temperatures occurred in much of the northern two-thirds of South America and stretched through Central America and much of Mexico. Record-warm year-to-date temperatures also covered large parts of Africa and Europe as well as parts of southern Asia. January–July temperatures were more than 2 to 3°C (3.5 to 5°F) above average across much of the Arctic as well as parts of eastern Canada and the northeastern U.S. Anomalous warmth also covered much of the southern and western U.S., much of Greenland, Scandinavia, and central Asia. Exceptions to the anomalous warmth included eastern Antarctica where much-cooler-than-average to record cold January-July conditions occurred. Cooler-than-average temperatures also occurred in parts of eastern Greenland, the southern tip of South America, parts of northern Australia, and parts of northwest Russia and the Russian Far East.

In a pattern similar to recent year-to-date periods, the first seven months of the year had record-warm sea surface temperatures covering most all of the equatorial Atlantic and large parts of the subtropical Atlantic. Record warmth also encompassed much of the Indian Ocean and parts of the southern Atlantic and Southern Ocean as well as the western equatorial Pacific. Anomalously warm sea surface temperatures occurred in other areas of the globe with the exception of parts of the southeastern Pacific and southern Ocean, the southwest Atlantic and southwest Indian Ocean, and a small part of the North Atlantic between Greenland and Iceland. Slightly below-average sea surface temperatures were also present in small parts of the western Pacific.

A smoothed map of blended land and sea surface temperature anomalies is also available.

South America, Europe, and Africa each had their warmest January–July year-to-date periods on record. Europe's year-to-date temperature was 0.62°C (1.12°F) warmer than the previous record-warm January–July in 2020. North America had its second-warmest such period, Oceania its eighth-warmest January–July and Asia its fourth warmest. Overall, the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere had their warmest January–Julys on record, 0.20°C (0.36°F), and 0.12°C (0.22°F) above the previous records, respectively.

• The average temperature of the contiguous U.S. for the January–July 2024 period was 54.47°F, 3.22°F above the 1901—2000 average, ranking second-warmest on record for this period.
• The Caribbean region and the Main Development Region for Atlantic Hurricanes had their warmest January–July year-to-date periods, 0.33°C (0.59°F) and 0.35°C (0.63°F) above the previous record-warm such periods, respectively.

Precipitation

The maps shown below represent precipitation percent of normal (left, using a base period of 1961–1990) and precipitation percentiles (right, using the period of record) based on the GHCN dataset of land surface stations.

July 2024

July was drier-than-average in areas that included most of the western contiguous U.S. and Hawaii, much of southern Europe and eastern Europe, parts of central Asia, and much of northern and western Australia. Areas that were wetter-than-average included much of the state of Alaska, a large part of the central U.S. and parts of the southeastern U.S., western and northern Europe, a large part of central Asia and southeast Asia including India, eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan, parts of central and south-central Australia, and much of the Sudanian savanna of Western Africa.

Drought in July

Drought information is based on global drought indicators available at the Global Drought Information System website, and media reports summarized by the National Drought Mitigation Center.

July Overview:

GDIS global indicators revealed beneficial precipitation fell across parts of the world during July 2024, while other parts continued dry.
• Dry conditions continued to plague South America, which had the driest July on record, continent-wide, based on the 1940-2024 ECMWF ERA5 Reanalysis dataset; the Mediterranean region had the 26^th driest July and Africa the 46^th driest.
• Relentless heat continued, with July 2024 ranking as the warmest July on record worldwide and for several continents, based on 1910-2024 NOAA/NCEI data — the continents included Africa, Asia, and Europe. The excessive heat increased evapotranspiration which exacerbated the drought conditions.
• A significant portion of the world’s agricultural lands was still suffering from low soil moisture and groundwater levels — especially in the Americas, Africa, eastern Europe, and parts of Asia — and satellite observations showed stressed vegetation on most continents.
  • The GEOGLAM Crop Monitor indicated that agriculture was most threatened in parts of Central and South America, Africa, Europe, southwest Russia, southern Australia, northeastern China, and southeast Asia.
  • The Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWSNet) revealed significant food insecurity continuing in parts of Central and South America, Southwest Asia, and much of Africa. GEOGLAM statistics estimated about a fourth (25%) of the global maize (corn) crop and a third (36%) of the global wheat crop were under poor or drought watch conditions at the end of July.

Europe:

• Much of Europe was warmer than normal in July. The month was drier than normal in eastern and southern parts of the continent, over parts of the British Isles, and far northern parts of Scandinavia, and wetter than normal in between, based on the 1-month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI).
  • Continent-wide, Europe had the warmest July in the 1910-2024 NOAA/NCEI temperature record and 31^st wettest July in the 1940-2024 ECMWF ERA5 Reanalysis precipitation record.
  • Longer time scale SPI maps show dryness persisting in eastern parts of the continent (1 to 3 months), parts of Scandinavia (2 to 9 months), and across the Mediterranean (1 to 72 months). Like the Mediterranean region, parts of Southeast Europe have been dry for most of the last six years.
  • Anomalous warmth has plagued Europe over extended periods. April-July 2024 ranked as the second warmest such 4-month period, but all 11 of the other time periods from July back through August-July were the warmest on record. The hot temperatures increased evapotranspiration (as seen on the Evaporative Demand Drought Index [EDDI] and Evaporative Stress Index [ESI] maps) which exacerbated the drought conditions — especially in the south, east, and north.
  • The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) maps show much more intense and widespread drought than the SPI maps, especially in the Mediterranean and out to longer time scales (1-4 years). The Mediterranean region had the second hottest and 26^th driest July, but the hottest and tenth driest August-July (last 12 months), based on ECMWF ERA5 data.
  • According to media reports (Dagens.com), European agriculture is facing severe challenges as record-breaking temperatures and prolonged droughts impact key food-producing regions.

Asia:

• July was warmer than normal across much of Asia, except for western and northern areas; precipitation was below normal across large parts of western and northern Russia, southern Russia into northeast China, and in scattered areas in southern Asia. The SPI maps showed beneficial precipitation in July across parts of Southwest Asia.
  • Continent-wide, Asia had the warmest and 35^th wettest July, according to NOAA/NCEI and ECMWF ERA5 records, respectively.
  • The 3-month SPI map shows large areas of dryness across Russia with dry areas in Mongolia to India, Southeast Asia, and Southwest Asia. They are not as widespread and intense at longer time scales, except in Southwest Asia and from northeast India to Myanmar, where they are more intense and widespread, especially at 24- to 60-month time scales.
  • Unusual warmth characterized much of the last year, with July back through April-July (all four time periods) ranking warmest on record, and August-July (the last 12 months) ranking second warmest, according to NOAA/NCEI records. The excessive warmth increased evapotranspiration, as seen on the EDDI and ESI maps, which made drought conditions worse, as seen on the SPEI maps (especially in eastern Russia, northern China, and Southwest Asia at the longer time scales).

Africa:

• Parts of western, northern, and southern Africa (including Madagascar) were dry during July while other parts were wetter than normal. July temperatures were much warmer than normal across virtually the entire continent. Continent-wide, July 2024 was the warmest and 46^th driest (40^th wettest) July in the NOAA/NCEI and ECMWF ERA5 records, respectively.
  • The SPI maps show more intense and widespread dryness at longer time scales, especially in southern, western, northern, and central areas, at 2- to 12-month time scales. The driest areas on the SPI maps were southern Africa (especially at the 6- to 12-month time scales) and northwestern Africa, especially the Maghreb region. In northwestern Africa, the dryness at 9- to 60-month time scales was more intense for the longer time scales.
  • Record heat characterized each of the last 12 time periods from July to August-July for Africa, continent-wide. The persistent heat increased evapotranspiration and made drought conditions more intense and widespread, with some SPEI maps showing almost all of the continent having some degree of drought for most time scales.
  • Models and satellite (GRACE) observations revealed persistent low soil moisture and groundwater in the Maghreb and adjacent northern regions, and over much of central to southern Africa. Satellite observations of vegetative health (VHI) revealed stressed vegetation over most of the continent, with the most severe conditions in the north and south.
  • According to media reports (The Indian Awaaz), more than half of the harvest in Zimbabwe has been destroyed due to a historic drought with around 7.6 million people now at risk of acute hunger. The Associated Press noted that a six-year drought has imperiled Morocco’s entire agriculture sector, including farmers who grow cereals and grains used to feed humans and livestock, and Africa News reported that more than 20 people died July 24-25 in the central city of Beni Mellal as Morocco experienced an intense heatwave.

Australia:

• Parts of western, northeastern, and southeastern Australia, including Tasmania, were drier than normal during July, while temperatures were warmer than average in the west.
  • According to ECMWF ERA5 temperature and precipitation data, Australia had the 35^th wettest (51^st driest) and 24^th warmest July in the 1940-2024 record. Where it rained, the July precipitation was not enough to make up deficits that have accumulated over the last several months.
  • The SPI maps show dryness extending along the southeast to northeast coast at 1- to 12-month time scales and across parts of western Australia at 6 to 72 months, as well as much of New Zealand at 3 to 12 months.
  • Dry soils were evident along the southern to southwest coast of Australia, including Tasmania, according to GRACE soil moisture data. The GRACE data showed low groundwater in these areas and in parts of central and western Australia and the northern half of New Zealand.
  • Satellite observations (VHI) revealed stressed vegetation across western, southeastern, central, and northeastern parts of Australia.

South America:

• Most of South America was drier than normal during July 2024, with the ECMWF ERA5 data ranking the month as the driest July on record, continent-wide.
  • July had near-normal temperatures for much of Argentina and Chile, but monthly temperatures were warmer than normal for most of the continent to the north. NOAA/NCEI data ranked July 2024 as the 13^th warmest July on record.
  • SPI maps showed wet areas in the south, east, and northwest, but widespread dryness dominated the continent at 2- to 12-month time scales. August 2023-July 2024 ranked as the driest such 12-month period in the ECMWF ERA5 record, continent-wide.
  • The dry conditions were accompanied by persistently hot temperatures in most areas. All eight of the time scales from March-July back through August-July ranked as the warmest such periods, continent-wide, in the NOAA/NCEI record.
  • Satellite observations (GRACE) show dry soils and low groundwater across huge swaths of South America — especially across Brazil to northern Argentina, in Venezuela, and over southern Chile and Argentina.
  • Satellite analysis (VHI) revealed poor vegetative health from Peru and Brazil southward into Argentina and Chile.
  • According to media reports (Reuters), Bolivia is grappling with a record number of fires in the first seven months of the year, based on satellite data; the flames send villagers fleeing, kill wildlife and char the landscape. The South American continent overall is bracing for an intense fire season, as a drought driven by climate change has dried out vegetation in much of the region. The worst of the dry season lies ahead, with wildfires generally peaking in August and September, Inpe data show.
  • Reuters added that the number of fires in Brazil's Amazon rainforest region surged to a record high in almost two decades for the month of July, amid a drought in the region fanned by climate change. The Amazon, the world's largest rainforest, plays a vital role in curbing global warming because of the vast amounts of greenhouse gases it absorbs. Satellites detected 11,434 fire hotspots in the Amazon in July, the largest number for that month since 2005, data from Brazil's National Institute for Space Research (Inpe) showed.

North America:

• In North America, the SPI showed July as drier than normal across northwestern parts of Mexico to the western and central United States (U.S.) as well as much of Canada, and wetter than normal across the eastern U.S., Alaska, and most of Mexico and Central America.
  • July temperatures were warmer than normal across most of the continent, with near-normal monthly temperatures in parts of the central U.S., Alaska, and Central America.
  • NOAA/NCEI data ranked July 2024 as the second warmest July on record, continent-wide, and ECMWF ERA5 data gave a rank of 31^st wettest July on record.
  • Unusual warmth characterized most of the last 12 months, with the periods April-July through February-July and December-July through August-July (all eight time periods) ranking warmest on record.
  • It was particularly dry during the last 1 to 3 months in the central Appalachian region of the eastern U.S. and from the central to western U.S., and the last 1 to 9 months over western and far eastern Canada and northern Mexico. The SPI maps show most of Canada dry at 12 to 48 months, parts of Mexico and Central America dry at 12 to 60 months, and in the U.S. — dryness in the southern and central Plains to Ohio Valley at 24 to 48 months, the southern to central Plains at 36 to 60 months, and in parts of the West at 48 to 72 months.
  • The unusually warm temperatures increased evapotranspiration across much of Mexico and Canada and the western U.S., as seen on the July ESI and EDDI maps. The EDDI maps show enhanced evapotranspiration across Mexico to the western CONUS (contiguous U.S.), and from the eastern CONUS to eastern and northern Canada, at 2 to 3 months, and across most of the continent at 6- to 12-month time scales. The unusual warmth/evapotranspiration is reflected on the SPEI maps by more intense and expansive drought, especially at the longer time scales — virtually all of Canada and Mexico, and parts of Central America, have some degree of drought at 12 to 48 months, with severe drought across large parts of the U.S. southern Plains at 12 to 36 months and southern Plains to western CONUS at 48 months.
  • GRACE observations of soil moisture indicated dry soils across those same areas in Canada, and the Far West and southern Plains in the U.S., but June and July rains helped improve soil moisture conditions in Mexico and Central America.
  • Satellite analysis (VHI) indicated poor vegetative health across western and southeastern parts of Canada, and the western half of the U.S. into northern Mexico.
  • Dozens of large wildfires burned across Canada and the western CONUS during July.

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